Polygenic Score (PGS) ID: PGS005336

Predicted Trait
Reported Trait Type 2 diabetes (T2D)
Mapped Trait(s) type 2 diabetes mellitus (MONDO_0005148)
Additional Trait Information This score is optimized for South Asian ancestry. Ancestry-specific PRS is prioritized as they demonstarted higher predictive performance compared to European-derived. If no matching ancestry-specific PRS is available, the European PRS may be used as an alternative.
Released in PGS Catalog: April 13, 2026
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PGS obtained from the Catalog should be cited appropriately, and used in accordance with any licensing restrictions set by the authors. See EBI Terms of Use (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/about/terms-of-use/) for additional details.

Score Details

Score Construction
PGS Name D_MetPRS_SAS
Development Method
Name LDpred2
Parameters Proportion of causal variant(p= 0.0001, 0.00018, 0.00032, 0.001, 0.0018, 0.0032, 0.0056, 0.01, 0.018, 0.032, 0.056, 0.1, 0.18, 0.32, 0.56, 1), heritability scales(s = 0.7, 1, and 1.4), and whether a sparse LD matrix was applied(T,F). The final score was generated by linearly combining the multi-ancestry PGS from Smit RAJ et al. (Nat Med, 2025) in the UK Biobank South Asian testing population.
Variants
Original Genome Build GRCh37
Number of Variants 1,297,046
Effect Weight Type beta
PGS Source
PGS Catalog Publication (PGP) ID PGP000693
Citation (link to publication) Kim MS et al. Cell Metab (2026)
Ancestry Distribution
Source of Variant
Associations (GWAS)
European: 66.9%
East Asian: 22.5%
African: 2.9%
Multi-ancestry (including European): 2.8%
  • European
  • East Asian
  • South Asian
  • African
  • Not Reported
Multi-ancestry (excluding European): 2.6%
  • East Asian
  • South Asian
Hispanic or Latin American: 1.9%
South Asian: 0.3%
Additional Asian Ancestries: 0.02%
8,333,251 individuals (100%)
Score Development/Training
European: 100%
30,000 individuals (100%)
PGS Evaluation
South Asian: 100%
3 Sample Sets

Development Samples

Source of Variant Associations (GWAS)
Study Identifiers Sample Numbers Sample Ancestry Cohort(s)
GWAS Catalog: GCST010556
Europe PMC: 32541925
 56,092 individuals African American or Afro-Caribbean MVP, PMB
GWAS Catalog: GCST010554
Europe PMC: 32541925
 20,445 individuals Hispanic or Latin American MVP
GWAS Catalog: GCST010118
Europe PMC: 32499647
 433,540 individuals East Asian AGEN
GWAS Catalog: GCST90002232
Europe PMC: 34059833
 200,622 individuals European NR
GWAS Catalog: GCST90002238
Europe PMC: 34059833
 151,013 individuals European NR
GWAS Catalog: GCST90018727
Europe PMC: 34594039
 163,835 individuals East Asian BBJ
GWAS Catalog: GCST90103751
Europe PMC: 35051171
 21,930 individuals East Asian TWB
GWAS Catalog: GCST009057
Europe PMC: 31675503
 14,126 individuals Sub-Saharan African UGR
GWAS Catalog: GCST90296593
Europe PMC: 37821706
 5,642 individuals Hispanic or Latin American MXBB
Europe PMC: 36581621
 55,525 individuals African unspecified MVP
Europe PMC: 36581621
 215,734 individuals European MVP
GWAS Catalog: GCST009056
Europe PMC: 31675503
 14,126 individuals Sub-Saharan African UGR
GWAS Catalog: GCST009059
Europe PMC: 31675503
 14,126 individuals Sub-Saharan African UGR
GWAS Catalog: GCST009060
Europe PMC: 31675503
 14,126 individuals Sub-Saharan African UGR
GWAS Catalog: GCST90018729
Europe PMC: 34594039
 165,419 individuals East Asian BBJ
GWAS Catalog: GCST90018735
Europe PMC: 34594039
 133,336 individuals East Asian BBJ
GWAS Catalog: GCST90255413
Europe PMC: 36777999
 72,282 individuals East Asian KoGES
GWAS Catalog: GCST90255412
Europe PMC: 36777999
 72,284 individuals East Asian KoGES
GWAS Catalog: GCST90255410
Europe PMC: 36777999
 72,157 individuals East Asian KoGES
GWAS Catalog: GCST90255415
Europe PMC: 36777999
 70,698 individuals East Asian KoGES
Europe PMC: 36653562
 377,277 individuals European FinnGen
Europe PMC: 36653562
 377,277 individuals European FinnGen
Europe PMC: 36653562
[
  • 57,698 cases
  • , 308,252 controls
]
 European FinnGen
Europe PMC: 25673412
 339,224 individuals European GIANT
GWAS Catalog: GCST004064
Europe PMC: 25673412
 142,762 individuals European GIANT
GWAS Catalog: GCST004063
Europe PMC: 25673412
 142,762 individuals European GIANT
GWAS Catalog: GCST004066
Europe PMC: 25673412
 142,762 individuals European GIANT
— 377,538 individuals European UKB
—
[
  • 28,896 cases
  • , 350,025 controls
]
 European UKB
— 377,689 individuals European UKB
— 377,424 individuals European UKB
— 378,125 individuals European UKB
— 358,942 individuals European UKB
— 324,485 individuals European UKB
— 28,993 individuals European UKB
GWAS Catalog: GCST90095034
Europe PMC: 35399580
 56,161 individuals Hispanic or Latin American 18 cohorts
  • Baependi
  • ,BioMe
  • ,CANDELA
  • ,FIND
  • ,HCHS-SOL
  • ,HISLA
  • ,LALES
  • ,MC
  • ,MEC
  • ,MESA
  • ,MHS
  • ,NC-BCFR
  • ,PELOTAS
  • ,SAFS
  • ,SFBCS
  • ,STARR COUNTY
  • ,T2D SIGMA Studies
  • ,WHI
GWAS Catalog: GCST90296598
Europe PMC: 37821706
 5,734 individuals Hispanic or Latin American MXBB
GWAS Catalog: GCST90296613
Europe PMC: 37821706
 5,681 individuals Hispanic or Latin American MXBB
GWAS Catalog: GCST90296599
Europe PMC: 37821706
 1,361 individuals Hispanic or Latin American MXBB
GWAS Catalog: GCST90296600
Europe PMC: 37821706
 4,418 individuals Hispanic or Latin American MXBB
GWAS Catalog: GCST008114
Europe PMC: 31049640
 4,347 individuals Sub-Saharan African AADM, SAZ
GWAS Catalog: GCST010553
Europe PMC: 32541925
 216,287 individuals East Asian, South Asian BBJ, MVP, PGR
GWAS Catalog: GCST90086072
Europe PMC: 33893285
 56,637 individuals European GERA
GWAS Catalog: GCST90103754
Europe PMC: 35051171
 21,972 individuals East Asian TWB
GWAS Catalog: GCST90002242
Europe PMC: 34059833
 6,647 individuals African American or Afro-Caribbean BioMe, HANDLS, JHS, MESA
GWAS Catalog: GCST90002244
Europe PMC: 34059833
 146,806 individuals European Multiple
GWAS Catalog: GCST90002245
Europe PMC: 34059833
 15,248 individuals Hispanic or Latin American BioMe, HCHS-SOL, IRAS, MESA, PELOTAS
GWAS Catalog: GCST90002246
Europe PMC: 34059833
 9,525 individuals South Asian LOLIPOP, RHS, SINDI
GWAS Catalog: GCST90002230
Europe PMC: 34059833
 16,579 individuals African American or Afro-Caribbean 11 cohorts
  • ARIC
  • ,BioMe
  • ,CFS
  • ,CHS
  • ,FamHS
  • ,GENOA
  • ,GeneSTAR
  • ,HANDLS
  • ,JHS
  • ,MESA
  • ,WHI
GWAS Catalog: GCST90002231
Europe PMC: 34059833
 35,619 individuals East Asian 17 cohorts
  • AASC
  • ,BES
  • ,CAGE
  • ,CHNS
  • ,CLHNS
  • ,CRC
  • ,KARE
  • ,Living-Biobank
  • ,MESA
  • ,NHAPC
  • ,Nagahama_Study
  • ,SBCS
  • ,SCES
  • ,SIMES
  • ,SMHS
  • ,SP2
  • ,TaiChi
GWAS Catalog: GCST90002234
Europe PMC: 34059833
 9,343 individuals South Asian LOLIPOP, RHS, SINDI
GWAS Catalog: GCST90002236
Europe PMC: 34059833
 8,101 individuals African American or Afro-Caribbean 10 cohorts
  • ARIC
  • ,CFS
  • ,CHS
  • ,FamHS
  • ,GENOA
  • ,GeneSTAR
  • ,HANDLS
  • ,JHS
  • ,MESA
  • ,WHI
GWAS Catalog: GCST90002237
Europe PMC: 34059833
 29,792 individuals East Asian 12 cohorts
  • AASC
  • ,CAGE
  • ,CHNS
  • ,CLHNS
  • ,CRC
  • ,KARE
  • ,MESA
  • ,NHAPC
  • ,SBCS
  • ,SMHS
  • ,SP2
  • ,TaiChi
GWAS Catalog: GCST90002239
Europe PMC: 34059833
 16,386 individuals Hispanic or Latin American 9 cohorts
  • BetaGene
  • ,HCHS-SOL
  • ,HTN
  • ,IRAS
  • ,MACAD
  • ,MESA
  • ,NIDDM-Athero
  • ,SIGMA
  • ,TRIPOD
GWAS Catalog: GCST90002240
Europe PMC: 34059833
 8,353 individuals South Asian LOLIPOP, RHS
GWAS Catalog: GCST90002225
Europe PMC: 34059833
 1,431 individuals African American or Afro-Caribbean CFS, CHS
GWAS Catalog: GCST90002226
Europe PMC: 34059833
 8,509 individuals East Asian KARE
GWAS Catalog: GCST90002227
Europe PMC: 34059833
 63,396 individuals European 25 cohorts
  • CFS
  • ,CHS
  • ,CoLaus
  • ,D2D2007
  • ,DGI
  • ,DIAGEN
  • ,DPS
  • ,DRS_EXTRA
  • ,Ely
  • ,FHS
  • ,FUSION
  • ,Fenland
  • ,GLACIER
  • ,GOYA
  • ,Inter99
  • ,KORA
  • ,LLS
  • ,LURIC
  • ,Leipzig
  • ,METSIM
  • ,Other
  • ,RISC
  • ,SORBS
  • ,TwinsUK
  • ,ULSAM
GWAS Catalog: GCST90002228
Europe PMC: 34059833
 12,578 individuals Hispanic or Latin American 7 cohorts
  • BetaGene
  • ,HCHS-SOL
  • ,HTN
  • ,IRAS
  • ,MACAD
  • ,NIDDM-Athero
  • ,TRIPOD
GWAS Catalog: GCST90244004
Europe PMC: 36333282
 288,127 individuals East Asian Ansan, Ansung, BBJ, CAVAS, HEXA
GWAS Catalog: GCST90244003
Europe PMC: 36333282
 288,127 individuals East Asian Ansan, Ansung, BBJ, CAVAS, HEXA
GWAS Catalog: GCST90200440
Europe PMC: 36635386
 8,123 individuals European CLSA
GWAS Catalog: GCST90132724
Europe PMC: 27005778
 24,679 individuals European 12 cohorts
  • COROGENE
  • ,EGCUT
  • ,ERF
  • ,FINRISK
  • ,FTC
  • ,GENMETS
  • ,HBCS
  • ,KORA
  • ,LLS
  • ,NFBC
  • ,NTR
  • ,YFS
GWAS Catalog: GCST90129603
Europe PMC: 35654975
 37,364 individuals African American or Afro-Caribbean MVP
GWAS Catalog: GCST90129605
Europe PMC: 35654975
 1,916 individuals Asian unspecified MVP
GWAS Catalog: GCST90129602
Europe PMC: 35654975
 164,197 individuals European MVP
GWAS Catalog: GCST90129604
Europe PMC: 35654975
 15,118 individuals Hispanic or Latin American MVP
GWAS Catalog: GCST90267574
Europe PMC: 37291194
 53,710 individuals European 18 cohorts
  • BOTS
  • ,BPPP
  • ,DIAGEN
  • ,DRS_EXTRA
  • ,EUGENE2
  • ,Ely
  • ,FHS
  • ,FUSION
  • ,Fenland
  • ,Inter99
  • ,KORA
  • ,LIFE-Adult
  • ,LURIC
  • ,METSIM
  • ,Other
  • ,RISC
  • ,SORBS
  • ,ULSAM
GWAS Catalog: GCST90205201
Europe PMC: 35773277
 38,965 individuals European, East Asian, South Asian, African unspecified, NR UKB
GWAS Catalog: GCST90205200
Europe PMC: 35773277
 38,965 individuals European, East Asian, South Asian, African unspecified, NR UKB
GWAS Catalog: GCST90205202
Europe PMC: 35773277
 38,965 individuals European, East Asian, South Asian, African unspecified, NR UKB
GWAS Catalog: GCST90205208
Europe PMC: 35773277
 38,965 individuals European, East Asian, South Asian, African unspecified, NR UKB
GWAS Catalog: GCST90205206
Europe PMC: 35773277
 38,965 individuals European, East Asian, South Asian, African unspecified, NR UKB
GWAS Catalog: GCST90205207
Europe PMC: 35773277
 38,965 individuals European, East Asian, South Asian, African unspecified, NR UKB
Score Development/Training
Study Identifiers Sample Numbers Sample Ancestry Cohort(s) Phenotype Definitions & Methods Age of Study Participants Participant Follow-up Time Additional Ancestry Description Additional Sample/Cohort Information
— 15,000 individuals,
45.7 % Male samples
 European UKB Log transform of body mass index [log(BMI)] Mean = 57.0 years — — —
—
[
  • 1,196 cases
  • , 13,804 controls
]
,
45.7 % Male samples
 European UKB Type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D was identified either through self-reported diagnosis or via the ICD-10 code E11.0,E11.1,E11.2,E11.3,E11.4,E11.5,E11.6,E11.7,E11.8,E11.9 in hospitalization records. Mean = 57.0 years — — —

Performance Metrics

Disclaimer: The performance metrics are displayed as reported by the source studies. It is important to note that metrics are not necessarily comparable with each other. For example, metrics depend on the sample characteristics (described by the PGS Catalog Sample Set [PSS] ID), phenotyping, and statistical modelling. Please refer to the source publication for additional guidance on performance.

PGS Performance
Metric ID (PPM) 		PGS Sample Set ID
(PSS) 		Performance Source Trait PGS Effect Sizes
(per SD change) 		Classification Metrics Other Metrics Covariates Included in the Model PGS Performance:
Other Relevant Information
PPM023120 PSS012136|
South Asian Ancestry|
6,605 individuals
 PGP000693 |
Kim MS et al. Cell Metab (2026)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) OR: 1.78 [1.68, 1.9]
β: 0.57931		 AUROC: 0.72007 — Age, sex, genotying array and the first ten principal components of genetic ancestry —
PPM023135 PSS012124|
South Asian Ancestry|
607 individuals
 PGP000693 |
Kim MS et al. Cell Metab (2026)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) OR: 1.68 [1.15, 2.46]
β: 0.518		 AUROC: 0.834 — Age, sex, genotying array and the first ten principal components of genetic ancestry —
PPM023130 PSS012118|
South Asian Ancestry|
3,217 individuals
 PGP000693 |
Kim MS et al. Cell Metab (2026)
 Reported Trait: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) OR: 2.05 [1.79, 2.34]
β: 0.717		 AUROC: 0.839 — Age, sex, genotying array and the first ten principal components of genetic ancestry —

Evaluated Samples

PGS Sample Set ID
(PSS) 		Phenotype Definitions and Methods Participant Follow-up Time Sample Numbers Age of Study Participants Sample Ancestry Additional Ancestry Description Cohort(s) Additional Sample/Cohort Information
PSS012124 — — 607 individuals — South Asian — MGBB —
PSS012118 — — 3,217 individuals — South Asian — AllofUs —
PSS012136 Type 2 diabetes (T2D); ICD 10: E11.0,E11.1,E11.2,E11.3,E11.4,E11.5,E11.6,E11.7,E11.8,E11.9 —
[
  • 1,722 cases
  • , 4,883 controls
]
,
52.7 % Male samples
 Mean = 53.0 years South Asian — UKB —