PGS Publication: PGP000262

Publication Information (EuropePMC)
Title Global Biobank analyses provide lessons for developing polygenic risk scores across diverse cohorts.
PubMed ID 36777179(Europe PMC)
doi 10.1016/j.xgen.2022.100241
Publication Date Jan. 4, 2023
Journal Cell Genom
Author(s) Wang Y, Namba S, Lopera E, Kerminen S, Tsuo K, Läll K, Kanai M, Zhou W, Wu KH, Favé MJ, Bhatta L, Awadalla P, Brumpton B, Deelen P, Hveem K, Lo Faro V, Mägi R, Murakami Y, Sanna S, Smoller JW, Uzunovic J, Wolford BN, Global Biobank Meta-analysis Initiative, Willer C, Gamazon ER, Cox NJ, Surakka I, Okada Y, Martin AR, Hirbo J.
Released in PGS Catalog: Sept. 8, 2022

Associated Polygenic Score(s)

Filter PGS by Participant Ancestry
Individuals included in:
G - Source of Variant Associations (GWAS)
D - Score Development/Training
E - PGS Evaluation
List of ancestries includes:
Display options:
Ancestry legend
Multi-ancestry (including European)
Multi-ancestry (excluding European)
African
East Asian
South Asian
Additional Asian Ancestries
European
Greater Middle Eastern
Hispanic or Latin American
Additional Diverse Ancestries
Not Reported

PGS Developed By This Publication

Polygenic Score ID & Name PGS Publication ID (PGP) Reported Trait Mapped Trait(s) (Ontology) Number of Variants Ancestry distribution
GWAS
Dev
Eval
Scoring File (FTP Link)
PGS001799
(1kgeur_gbmi_ThC_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Thyroid cancer thyroid gland carcinoma 885,482
-
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS001799/ScoringFiles/PGS001799.txt.gz
PGS001789
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_Gout_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Gout gout 910,151
-
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS001789/ScoringFiles/PGS001789.txt.gz
PGS001798
(1kgeur_gbmi_Stroke_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Stroke stroke disorder 884,168
-
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS001798/ScoringFiles/PGS001798.txt.gz
PGS001782
(1kgeur_gbmi_Asthma_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Asthma asthma 884,043
-
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS001782/ScoringFiles/PGS001782.txt.gz
PGS001783
(1kgeur_gbmi_COPD_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 884,139
-
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS001783/ScoringFiles/PGS001783.txt.gz
PGS001784
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_AAA_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Abdominal aortic aneurysm abdominal aortic aneurysm 911,440
-
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS001784/ScoringFiles/PGS001784.txt.gz
PGS001791
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_IPF_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 910,439
-
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS001791/ScoringFiles/PGS001791.txt.gz
PGS001793
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_Stroke_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Stroke stroke disorder 910,099
-
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS001793/ScoringFiles/PGS001793.txt.gz
PGS001794
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_ThC_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Thyroid cancer thyroid gland carcinoma 911,462
-
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS001794/ScoringFiles/PGS001794.txt.gz
PGS001785
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_AcApp_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Acute appendicitis appendicitis 911,334
-
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS001785/ScoringFiles/PGS001785.txt.gz
PGS001790
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_HF_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Heart failure heart failure 910,146
-
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS001790/ScoringFiles/PGS001790.txt.gz
PGS001792
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_POAG_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Primary open-angle glaucoma glaucoma 911,402
-
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS001792/ScoringFiles/PGS001792.txt.gz
PGS001795
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_UtC_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Uterine cancer uterine carcinoma 911,692
-
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS001795/ScoringFiles/PGS001795.txt.gz
PGS001796
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_VTE_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Venous thromboembolism venous thromboembolism 910,337
-
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS001796/ScoringFiles/PGS001796.txt.gz
PGS001786
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_Appendectomy_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Appendectomy appendectomy 899,660
-
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS001786/ScoringFiles/PGS001786.txt.gz
PGS001787
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_Asthma_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Asthma asthma 909,990
-
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS001787/ScoringFiles/PGS001787.txt.gz
PGS001788
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_COPD_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 910,082
-
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS001788/ScoringFiles/PGS001788.txt.gz
PGS001797
(1kgeur_gbmi_POAG_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Primary open-angle glaucoma open-angle glaucoma 885,417
-
https://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/spot/pgs/scores/PGS001797/ScoringFiles/PGS001797.txt.gz

Performance Metrics

Disclaimer: The performance metrics are displayed as reported by the source studies. It is important to note that metrics are not necessarily comparable with each other. For example, metrics depend on the sample characteristics (described by the PGS Catalog Sample Set [PSS] ID), phenotyping, and statistical modelling. Please refer to the source publication for additional guidance on performance.

PGS Performance
Metric ID (PPM)
Evaluated Score PGS Sample Set ID
(PSS)
Performance Source Trait PGS Effect Sizes
(per SD change)
Classification Metrics Other Metrics Covariates Included in the Model PGS Performance:
Other Relevant Information
PPM009311 PGS001782
(1kgeur_gbmi_Asthma_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007693|
European Ancestry|
7,128 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Asthma — AUROC: 0.659 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.04884 sex,age, 20PCs —
PPM009312 PGS001783
(1kgeur_gbmi_COPD_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007694|
European Ancestry|
7,128 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease — AUROC: 0.74 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.03809 sex,age, 20PCs —
PPM009307 PGS001787
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_Asthma_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007706|
East Asian Ancestry|
2,633 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Asthma — AUROC: 0.679 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.00679 sex,age,age2,age*sex,age^2*sex, 20PCs —
PPM009308 PGS001787
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_Asthma_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007698|
African Ancestry|
6,152 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Asthma — AUROC: 0.627 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.00814 sex,age,age2,age*sex,age^2*sex, 20PCs —
PPM009309 PGS001789
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_Gout_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007699|
African Ancestry|
6,206 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Gout — AUROC: 0.805 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.01073 sex,age,age2,age*sex,age^2*sex, 20PCs —
PPM009310 PGS001796
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_VTE_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007700|
African Ancestry|
6,137 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Venous thromboembolism — AUROC: 0.672 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.00488 sex,age,age2,age*sex,age^2*sex, 20PCs —
PPM009290 PGS001786
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_Appendectomy_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007709|
European Ancestry|
357,112 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Appendectomy — AUROC: 0.574 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.00175 sex,age,age2,age*sex,age^2*sex, 20PCs —
PPM009289 PGS001785
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_AcApp_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007708|
European Ancestry|
359,031 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Acute appendicitis — AUROC: 0.584 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.00406 sex,age,age2,age*sex,age^2*sex, 20PCs —
PPM009291 PGS001787
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_Asthma_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007710|
European Ancestry|
351,578 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Asthma — AUROC: 0.64 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.03517 sex,age,age2,age*sex,age^2*sex, 20PCs —
PPM009292 PGS001788
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_COPD_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007711|
European Ancestry|
337,168 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease — AUROC: 0.715 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.0163 sex,age,age2,age*sex,age^2*sex, 20PCs —
PPM009293 PGS001789
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_Gout_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007712|
European Ancestry|
359,345 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Gout — AUROC: 0.807 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.03121 sex,age,age2,age*sex,age^2*sex, 20PCs —
PPM009294 PGS001790
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_HF_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007713|
European Ancestry|
358,905 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Heart Failure — AUROC: 0.75 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.00698 sex,age,age2,age*sex,age^2*sex, 20PCs —
PPM009299 PGS001795
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_UtC_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007718|
European Ancestry|
170,276 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Uterine cancer — AUROC: 0.66 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.00195 sex,age,age2,age*sex,age^2*sex, 20PCs —
PPM009300 PGS001796
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_VTE_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007719|
European Ancestry|
356,269 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Venous thromboembolism — AUROC: 0.675 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.02221 sex,age,age2,age*sex,age^2*sex, 20PCs —
PPM009301 PGS001787
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_Asthma_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007701|
Additional Diverse Ancestries|
965 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Asthma — AUROC: 0.796 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.0895 sex,age,age2,age*sex,age^2*sex, 20PCs —
PPM009302 PGS001787
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_Asthma_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007720|
Greater Middle Eastern Ancestry|
1,529 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Asthma — AUROC: 0.689 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.03763 sex,age,age2,age*sex,age^2*sex, 20PCs —
PPM009303 PGS001787
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_Asthma_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007702|
Additional Asian Ancestries|
8,101 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Asthma — AUROC: 0.651 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.02455 sex,age,age2,age*sex,age^2*sex, 20PCs —
PPM009305 PGS001792
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_POAG_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007704|
Additional Asian Ancestries|
7,787 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Primary open-angle glaucoma — AUROC: 0.856 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.02991 sex,age,age2,age*sex,age^2*sex, 20PCs —
PPM009306 PGS001793
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_Stroke_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007705|
Additional Asian Ancestries|
8,091 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Stroke — AUROC: 0.745 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.01187 sex,age,age2,age*sex,age^2*sex, 20PCs —
PPM009313 PGS001797
(1kgeur_gbmi_POAG_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007695|
European Ancestry|
7,128 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Primary open-angle glaucoma — AUROC: 0.749 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.03148 sex,age, 20PCs —
PPM009314 PGS001798
(1kgeur_gbmi_Stroke_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007696|
European Ancestry|
7,128 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Stroke — AUROC: 0.704 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.00746 sex,age, 20PCs —
PPM009315 PGS001799
(1kgeur_gbmi_ThC_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007697|
European Ancestry|
7,128 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Thyroid cancer — AUROC: 0.685 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.01036 sex,age, 20PCs —
PPM009295 PGS001791
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_IPF_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007714|
European Ancestry|
347,350 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis — AUROC: 0.758 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.00593 sex,age,age2,age*sex,age^2*sex, 20PCs —
PPM009296 PGS001792
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_POAG_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007715|
European Ancestry|
347,396 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Primary open-angle glaucoma — AUROC: 0.777 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.03209 sex,age,age2,age*sex,age^2*sex, 20PCs —
PPM009297 PGS001793
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_Stroke_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007716|
European Ancestry|
350,408 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Stroke — AUROC: 0.706 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.00278 sex,age,age2,age*sex,age^2*sex, 20PCs —
PPM009298 PGS001794
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_ThC_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007717|
European Ancestry|
358,476 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Thyroid cancer — AUROC: 0.676 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.01366 sex,age,age2,age*sex,age^2*sex, 20PCs —
PPM009288 PGS001784
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_AAA_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007707|
European Ancestry|
350,767 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Abdominal aortic aneurysm — AUROC: 0.868 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.01466 sex,age,age2,age*sex,age^2*sex, 20PCs —
PPM009304 PGS001789
(1kgeur_gbmi_leaveUKBBout_Gout_pst_eff_a1_b0.5_phiauto)
PSS007703|
Additional Asian Ancestries|
8,184 individuals
PGP000262 |
Wang Y et al. Cell Genom (2023)
Reported Trait: Gout — AUROC: 0.78 Nagelkerke's R2 (covariates regressed out): 0.00748 sex,age,age2,age*sex,age^2*sex, 20PCs —

Evaluated Samples

PGS Sample Set ID
(PSS)
Phenotype Definitions and Methods Participant Follow-up Time Sample Numbers Age of Study Participants Sample Ancestry Additional Ancestry Description Cohort(s) Additional Sample/Cohort Information
PSS007693 — —
[
  • 1,061 cases
  • , 6,066 controls
]
— European — CanPath —
PSS007694 — —
[
  • 132 cases
  • , 6,995 controls
]
— European — CanPath —
PSS007695 — —
[
  • 224 cases
  • , 6,903 controls
]
— European — CanPath —
PSS007696 — —
[
  • 70 cases
  • , 7,057 controls
]
— European — CanPath —
PSS007697 — —
[
  • 72 cases
  • , 7,055 controls
]
— European — CanPath —
PSS007698 — —
[
  • 539 cases
  • , 5,612 controls
]
— African unspecified Africa or admixed-ancestry diaspora UKB —
PSS007699 — —
[
  • 54 cases
  • , 6,151 controls
]
— African unspecified Africa or admixed-ancestry diaspora UKB —
PSS007700 — —
[
  • 120 cases
  • , 6,016 controls
]
— African unspecified Africa or admixed-ancestry diaspora UKB —
PSS007701 — —
[
  • 62 cases
  • , 902 controls
]
— Other admixed ancestry
(Admixed American)
— UKB —
PSS007702 — —
[
  • 831 cases
  • , 7,269 controls
]
— Asian unspecified Central and South Asian UKB —
PSS007703 — —
[
  • 97 cases
  • , 8,086 controls
]
— Asian unspecified Central and South Asian UKB —
PSS007704 — —
[
  • 49 cases
  • , 7,737 controls
]
— Asian unspecified Central and South Asian UKB —
PSS007705 — —
[
  • 50 cases
  • , 8,040 controls
]
— Asian unspecified Central and South Asian UKB —
PSS007706 — —
[
  • 142 cases
  • , 2,490 controls
]
— East Asian — UKB —
PSS007707 — —
[
  • 1,099 cases
  • , 349,667 controls
]
— European — UKB —
PSS007708 — —
[
  • 2,985 cases
  • , 356,045 controls
]
— European — UKB —
PSS007709 — —
[
  • 2,173 cases
  • , 354,938 controls
]
— European — UKB —
PSS007710 — —
[
  • 26,473 cases
  • , 325,104 controls
]
— European — UKB —
PSS007711 — —
[
  • 12,063 cases
  • , 325,104 controls
]
— European — UKB —
PSS007712 — —
[
  • 3,783 cases
  • , 355,561 controls
]
— European — UKB —
PSS007713 — —
[
  • 6,285 cases
  • , 352,619 controls
]
— European — UKB —
PSS007714 — —
[
  • 1,052 cases
  • , 346,297 controls
]
— European — UKB —
PSS007715 — —
[
  • 1,266 cases
  • , 346,129 controls
]
— European — UKB —
PSS007716 — —
[
  • 1,650 cases
  • , 348,757 controls
]
— European — UKB —
PSS007717 — —
[
  • 365 cases
  • , 358,110 controls
]
— European — UKB —
PSS007718 — —
[
  • 1,323 cases
  • , 168,952 controls
]
— European — UKB —
PSS007719 — —
[
  • 6,549 cases
  • , 349,719 controls
]
— European — UKB —
PSS007720 — —
[
  • 134 cases
  • , 1,394 controls
]
— Greater Middle Eastern (Middle Eastern, North African or Persian) — UKB —